Dresden

Meissen, on the Elbe, about twelve miles from Dresden, Saxony · Porcelain · also recorded as Meissen, Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur

Transcribed by Igor Kukolj from Chaffers, William. Marks and Monograms on European and Oriental Pottery and Porcelain, 1891, Reeves & Turner, London, p.471. Scan: archive.org/details/marksmonogramson00chaf (leaf n490). Checked 22 August 2026.

Marks

The W over ÆB, with the date 1726 mark as engraved in Chaffers 1891, page 471 — 1726
**W over ÆB, with the date 1726** · painted in red · *engraved in the source*
Recorded on the underside of a saucer painted with terminal figures of the heads and busts of Bacchus and Ariadne, with bold shaded gold scrolls and a panther between; the cup shows infant Bacchanals plucking grapes, and a goat.Chaffers 1891, p.471
A dated mark, which is uncommon. The date is part of the mark rather than added later.

The G.L, 1728, 30 Dec: mark as engraved in Chaffers 1891, page 471 — 30 December 1728
**G.L, 1728, 30 Dec:** · painted in gold · *engraved in the source*
Recorded on a drinking-cup painted in blue and red camaïeu alternately, with full-length Chinese figures and flowers between.Chaffers 1891, p.471
Dated to the DAY. That is exceptional, and it means the piece can be placed exactly rather than to a period.

The Crossed swords, with a painter's square above mark as engraved in Chaffers 1891, page 471 — c.1720–30
**Crossed swords, with a painter's square above** · painted in blue · *engraved in the source*Chaffers 1891, p.471
The crossed swords are the factory mark; the small square above them is the PAINTER'S mark, a separate thing. Chaffers distinguishes the two on this page, which matters because the square is often read as part of the swords.

The K.H.C.W. beneath a crowned AR monogram mark as engraved in Chaffers 1891, page 471 — c.1720–30
**K.H.C.W. beneath a crowned AR monogram** · painted · *engraved in the source*Chaffers 1891, p.471
K.H.C.W. stands for Königl. Hof. Conditorei, Warschau — the King's Court Confectioner, Warsaw, one of Augustus's principal palaces. The crowned AR is Augustus Rex, King of Poland. So the mark names not the factory but the ROOM the service was made for.

What the source records

The manufactory was established at Meissen, on the Elbe about twelve miles from Dresden, by Augustus II, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, for the manufacture of hard paste or true porcelain.Chaffers 1891 · p.461
The experiments of Tschirnhaus and Böttcher commenced about 1706; the invention of hard paste is attributed to Böttcher.Chaffers 1891 · p.461
Böttcher's first attempt produced a red ware like jasper, cut and polished by the lapidary and gilt by the goldsmith, made from a kind of brown clay found at Meissen — a fine stoneware with the opacity, grain and toughness of pottery.Chaffers 1891 · p.461
A square Böttcher-ware coffee-pot with flowers and the head of a boy was in the South Kensington Museum, and a bust of Böttcher himself in the same ware in the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone's Collection.Chaffers 1891 · p.461
Tschirnhaus died in 1708, and shortly afterwards Böttcher succeeded in making white porcelain through the accidental detection of the kaolin necessary for it.Chaffers 1891 · p.461
The kaolin story: John Schnorr, a rich ironmaster of the Erzgebirge, riding at Aue near Schneeberg in 1711, noticed his horse's feet sticking in a soft white clay. Hair-powder for wigs was then made chiefly from wheat-flour, and the earth was examined as a cheaper substitute and sold in quantity at Dresden and Leipzig. Böttcher used it, found it much heavier than expected, and analysed it.Chaffers 1891 · p.461
A service painted in blue camaïeu with flowers and insects, bearing the crossed swords with a square painter's mark and the initials K.H.C.W., was made specially for the King's use about 1720–30 and was in the possession of Herr Pollak of Vienna.Chaffers 1891 · p.471

Why this differs from other listings

Two of these four marks carry dates, and one carries a day — 30 December 1728. That is rare enough on porcelain to be worth the page on its own. The other useful separation is that the small square beside the crossed swords is a painter's mark, not part of the factory mark, and that K.H.C.W. identifies a destination rather than a maker: the King's Court Confectionery at Warsaw.

The source page

Page 471 of Chaffers 1891, the source for this entry — Chaffers 1891, p.471 — public domain, from archive.org/details/marksmonogramson00chaf (leaf n490). Check the transcription against it.

What this entry does not establish

Chaffers 1891 predates the systematic dating of Meissen crossed-swords variants that collectors now use. Nothing here dates a piece by the form of the swords.
The kaolin discovery story is given as a story — 'the story is thus told' — and Chaffers does not vouch for the detail.
This entry covers pages 461 and 471 only. The Dresden section runs across many pages that are not yet transcribed.